CARBOTURA · ADVANCED CIRCULAR MANUFACTURING PROPOSAL · CITY OF SEVILLE · APRIL 2026

Advanced Circular Manufacturing Proposal

City of Seville (Ayuntamiento de Sevilla) · Andalusia, Spain · B2G Engagement · IFRS Accounting · April 2026

TRANSACTION OFFER
PHASE INITIAL
400
TPD / 146,000 tpy
TMC FEE
$120
per ton · Year 1
ROYALTY YEAR 2
$21M
annual · Phase Initial
CSA TERM
30
years · BOO · Zero capex
Authority Commitment QualificationCalificación de Compromiso de la Autoridad

Eight Commitments · One EngagementOcho Compromisos · Un Compromiso

Four items are required. One item is subject to Waste Characterization Study. Three optional items signal Regional Authority materials offtake under the CMOA.Cuatro elementos son obligatorios. Un elemento está sujeto a Estudio de Caracterización de Residuos. Tres son opcionales.

4 REQUIRED · ALL ELECTED4 REQUERIDOS · TODOS ELEGIDOS 1 SUBJECT TO STUDY1 SUJETO A ESTUDIO 3 OPTIONAL · 0 ELECTED3 OPCIONALES · 0 ELEGIDOS
01REQUIREDREQUERIDO
Commit feedstockCompromiso de materia prima
All designated waste streams legally assigned to Carbotura via CSA.Todos los flujos de residuos asignados legalmente a Carbotura vía CSA.
Sevilla: ~400 TPD accesibles; Fase Inicial 400 TPD / 146.000 TPY · ATO Guadalquivir (MMAS)
02REQUIREDREQUERIDO
Commit landCompromiso de terreno
Manufacturing Site deed transferred to Carbotura · registered title.Escritura del sitio de fabricación transferida a Carbotura · título registrado.
ES: escritura pública vía Registro de la Propiedad (Ley Hipotecaria española)
03REQUIREDREQUERIDO
Commit tax abatementsCompromiso de incentivos fiscales
Regional Authority strategic investor instrument · qualifying tax relief · condition precedent to CSA.Instrumento de inversor estratégico regional · alivio fiscal cualificado.
ES: ZES Andalucía (Zona Estratégica Sevilla) / instrumento de inversión estratégica regional
04REQUIREDREQUERIDO
Receive royalty streamRecepción de flujo de canon
Circular Royalty™ or Circular Royalty™ (Canon Circular™ · pagado por Carbotura A la Autoridad · EUR primario.
MR §4.8 · IPSAS (Ayuntamiento) / IFRS (SPV) · EUR primaryMR §4.8 · IPSAS (Ayuntamiento) / IFRS (SPV) · EUR primario
05OPTIONAL · SUBJECT TO STUDYOPCIONAL · SUJETO A ESTUDIO
Exogenesis™ landfill mining (option)Minería de vertedero Exogenesis™ (opción)
Exogenesis™ Programme · APS · fully electric fleet · royalty TO the Authority. Subject to Waste Characterization Study — structured option for discussion.Programa Exogenesis™ · APS · flota eléctrica · canon A la Autoridad. Sujeto a Estudio de Caracterización — opción estructurada para discusión.
Vertedero Las Minas, MMAS (Mancomunidad Área Metropolitana Sevilla) — candidato sujeto a Estudio de Caracterización de Residuos
06OPTIONAL · NOT ELECTEDOPCIONAL · NO ELEGIDO
Commit offtake for Authority reservesCompromiso de offtake para reservas
Regional Authority preferential election right over RC3–RC5 output.Derecho de elección preferencial de la Autoridad Regional sobre producción RC3–RC5.
RACMO · Regional Authority Critical Materials Offtake
07OPTIONAL · NOT ELECTEDOPCIONAL · NO ELEGIDO
Regional Authority preferential pricingPrecios preferenciales de Autoridad Regional
Preferential rate on RACMO-elected output · meaningful only if card-06 elected.Tarifa preferencial en producción RACMO-elegida.
RACMA · Regional Authority Critical Materials Authority pricing
08OPTIONAL · NOT ELECTEDOPCIONAL · NO ELEGIDO
Pre-purchase MAMP paymentPago MAMP anticipado
Authority prepays Carbotura under advance purchase structure.La Autoridad prepaga a Carbotura bajo estructura de compra anticipada.
RIRC · Regional Industrial Reserve Corp (construct)
Sections

§0 — What This Means

Canon Circular™
Circular Royalty™Canon Circular™
OUTFLOW ↑SALIDA ↑
Fee: €100/ton Yr 1 · +2.5%/yr · ~€14.6M/yrTarifa: €100/ton Año 1 · +2,5%/año · ~€14,6M/año
INFLOW ↓ENTRADA ↓
Circular Royalty™: 120% from Month 13 · ~€17.52M/yr Year 2Canon Circular™: 120% desde Mes 13 · ~€17,52M/año Año 2
· Regional Authority Swap
Circular Royalty™Canon Circular™
OUTFLOW ↑SALIDA ↑
€0 Fee · site deed at signing (Registro de la Propiedad)€0 Tarifa · escritura al firmar (Registro de la Propiedad)
INFLOW ↓ENTRADA ↓
€100/ton from Month 13 · +1%/yr · ~€14.6M/yr Year 2€100/ton desde Mes 13 · +1%/año · ~€14,6M/año Año 2
Exogenesis™ Royalty · Subject to StudyCanon Exogenesis™ · Sujeto a Estudio
Vertedero Las Minas, MMAS
IF ELECTED ↑SI SE ELIGE ↑
Landfill deeded at signing (if study confirms)Escritura del vertedero al firmar (si el estudio confirma)
IF ELECTED ↓SI SE ELIGE ↓
€50/ton · ~€3.65M/yr from Year 6€50/ton · ~€3,65M/año desde Año 6
Subject to Waste Characterization StudySujeto a Estudio de Caracterización
One Circular Supply Agreement.Un Acuerdo de Suministro Circular. City of Seville / MMAS executes the CSA. EUR primary. CNAE-2009 manufacturing classification. The Exogenesis™ Royalty add-on (Vertedero Las Minas) is a structured option for discussion. All streams reported as separate transactions per MR §4.8.EUR primario. Clasificación CNAE-2009. El Canon de Remediación (vía Exogenesis™) es un complemento de la CSA disponible para discusión.
  • Zero public capital required. Carbotura builds, owns, and operates the ACM facility at its own cost under a 30-year Build-Own-Operate agreement. The Ayuntamiento de Sevilla's only financial obligation is the Beneficiation Fee per ton delivered — a payment that replaces existing disposal spending.
  • Disposal spending becomes a revenue-positive position from Year 2. From the moment the first Circular Royalty™ is received (13 months after Phase Initial COD), the City receives a gross cash inflow that — at steady state — exceeds the Beneficiation Fee on a per-ton basis. State A (disposal cost, $0 return) converts to State B (TMC Fee paid, Circular Royalty™ received).
  • Phase Initial is fully supportable from immediately accessible streams. The 282 TPD of non-contracted commercial, organic, garden, biosolids, and C&D streams are sufficient to support 400 TPD Phase Initial deployment without requiring renegotiation of the CORESPA kerbside MSW contract.
  • EU 2035 compliance creates the procurement decision window. Spain must reduce landfill disposal to below 10% of MSW by 2035. A Joint Working Group phase authorised in Q3 2026 supports Phase Initial COD by Q2 2028 and first Circular Royalty™ by Q3 2029 — well within the compliance window.
  • The Regulatory Predicate Transition (RPT) governs Carbotura's commitment. Carbotura's engagement is conditional on the ACM facility receiving manufacturing classification. This is not a legal technicality — it is the commercial and regulatory foundation of the entire structure. See §1.0.

§1 — Commercial Structure and Decision Window

MATERIAL CONDITION Regulatory Predicate Transition (RPT)

Advanced Circular Manufacturing is a manufacturing process, not a waste-management activity. Microwave Catalytic Reforming operates in an anoxic, oxygen-free, sub-atmospheric environment — mechanistically incompatible with combustion or biological degradation. ACM does not fit within the waste domain and does not operate under waste-domain statutes. The Regulatory Predicate Transition (RPT) — also framed as the dewaste pathway — is the coordinated regulatory shift from legacy disposal-predicate statutes onto manufacturing-predicate classifications. 100% elemental recycling of the municipal material stream requires this transition. Manufacturing NAICS 325180 · 325998 · 327992 · 331110 · 331314 · 331492 (6-code ACM set) plus EPA RCRA §1004(27) / 40 CFR §261.2(e) exclusion pathway in the US; ISIC Rev.4 20-25 + UN CPC 89 internationally. In many jurisdictions the required authorities already exist in latent form within existing statutes; in others the transition requires primary-authority amendments. The Joint Working Group phase includes a regulatory engagement workstream to shepherd the RPT alongside site permitting. Both parties commit to the RPT pathway. Carbotura brings the process-classification evidence, regulatory engagement expertise from prior ACM deployments, and the legal-technical framework. The counterparty brings the standing to engage the local regulator, the political mandate for the transition, and — where applicable — legacy statutory authorities that can be re-instrumented for manufacturing use. The endpoint is categorical: manufacturing classification across all permitting, licensing, and regulatory contexts. Interim bridging authorities may apply during the transition.

§1.1 — Commercial Structure

The commercial relationship is governed by a 30-year Circular Supply Agreement (CSA) between Carbotura and the Ayuntamiento de Sevilla. The CSA establishes two reciprocal obligations: the City delivers agreed feedstock volumes to the ACM facility gate; Carbotura converts those volumes and pays the Circular Royalty™ on the rolling 13-month lagged basis.

The decision window for the City is defined by the EU Directive 2018/850 compliance deadline (31 December 2035) and the Carbotura standard deployment schedule. A Joint Working Group phase authorised in Q3 2026 produces a confirmed data set — FWDC, volume, site — and leads to CSA execution. Construction begins at T0+6 months; Phase Initial COD is T0+24 months (Q2 2028). The procurement decision deadline is 2033 at absolute latest — but each year of delay defers Circular Royalty™ cash flows, with each year of deferral costing approximately €19–21M in foregone first-year royalty at Phase Initial scale.

§1.5 — CSA Structure§1.5 — Marco de Elección CSA

At CSA execution, the City of Seville / MMAS EUR primary. RPT classification: CNAE-2009 20.13, 20.59, 23.99, 24.10, 24.42, 24.45 (manufacturing) — CNAE 38.21/38.22/38.30 (waste treatment) must not apply. The Exogenesis™ Royalty (Vertedero Las Minas, MMAS) is a structured option for discussion — activation requires Waste Characterization Study and mutual agreement.

Al ejecutar el CSA, Ayuntamiento de Sevilla / MMAS elige entre y (Intercambio de Canon Regional). EUR primario. Clasificación RPT: CNAE-2009 20.13, 20.59, 23.99, 24.10, 24.42, 24.45 (manufactura). La Canon Exogenesis™ (Vertedero Las Minas) es una opción estructurada para discusión.

Exogenesis™ Royalty — Vertedero Las Minas, MMAS (Subject to Study)Canon Exogenesis™ — Vertedero Las Minas, MMAS (Sujeto a Estudio)

Exogenesis™ is a structured option for discussion. Vertedero Las Minas (operated by MMAS — Mancomunidad de Municipios del Área Metropolitana de Sevilla) is the primary qualifying candidate. Activation requires Waste Characterization Study, qualifying asset confirmation, and mutual agreement. If elected: all post-closure obligations transfer to Carbotura at CSA execution (IPSAS 19 liability extinguishment).

Exogenesis™ es una opción estructurada para discusión. Vertedero Las Minas (MMAS) es el candidato principal. Activación requiere Estudio de Caracterización y acuerdo mutuo. Si se elige: todas las obligaciones post-clausura transfieren a Carbotura (extinción IPSAS 19).

§2 — Deployment Architecture

§2.1 — Phase Configuration

Phase Deployed TPD Modules Annual (tpy) % City Addressable COD
Phase Initial 400 4 146,000 82% Q2 2028
Phase Medium 1,000 10 365,000 100%+ Q4 2030
Phase Expanded 2,000 20 730,000 95% province Multi-tranche from 2031

Module math: 4 × 100 TPD (Phase Initial) · 10 × 100 TPD (Phase Medium) · 20 × 100 TPD (Phase Expanded). All figures ESTIMATED — confirmed at Joint Working Group phase.

§2.2 — BOO Capital Structure

Zero public capital commitment. Carbotura finances, builds, and owns the ACM facility at its own cost. The Ayuntamiento de Sevilla bears zero construction cost, zero equipment procurement risk, zero technology performance liability, and zero operating cost. The City's sole financial obligation is the Beneficiation Fee per ton delivered to the facility gate. At $120/ton, this fee is at or below the City's estimated current full weighted disposal cost of ~$130/ton.

§2.3 — Feedstock Stream Coverage by Phase

Stream Phase Initial Phase Medium Phase Expanded Access Status
Commercial & light industrial (95 TPD)✓✓✓IMMEDIATE
Food & organic fraction (72 TPD)✓✓✓IMMEDIATE
Garden & park waste (48 TPD)✓✓✓IMMEDIATE
Biosolids — EMASESA (42 TPD)✓✓✓IMMEDIATE
C&D fine fraction (25 TPD)✓✓✓IMMEDIATE
Industrial non-hazardous (20 TPD)✓✓✓ACCESSIBLE
MSW kerbside residual (185 TPD)✓✓CONDITIONAL

§2.4 — Site Candidate Analysis

Three industrial zone candidates have been identified for Phase Initial ACM deployment. All three are PROVISIONAL — confirmed at Joint Working Group phase with site agreements. Priority 1 reflects the strongest combination of infrastructure co-location, feedstock proximity, and logistics alignment.

Priority Zone Acreage Zoning Land Authority Co-location Advantage Key Consideration
P1 Dos Hermanas Corridor ~45 ac USE-I Ayto. Dos Hermanas Adjacent CTR waste infrastructure Intermunicipal land authority — coordinated access
P2 ZAL Puerto de Sevilla ~60 ac Port/Logistics Autoridad Portuaria Multimodal — river, road, rail Port authority lease terms — longer negotiation
P3 Polígono Carija ~35 ac USE-I Private/Ayuntamiento Eastern district waste generator proximity Smaller footprint — Phase Medium expansion constrained

P1 FINDING Polígono Industrial Las Quemadas / Dos Hermanas Corridor is the Priority 1 site candidate. Immediate adjacency to the existing CTR Ecoparque waste treatment infrastructure eliminates the primary logistics barrier — feedstock flows are already routed to this zone. Industrial USE-I zoning is confirmed. The Dos Hermanas corridor is the path of least resistance for Phase Initial siting at the scale required by the CSA.

§2.5 — Phase Initial Feedstock Sufficiency Finding

Phase Initial is fully supportable from immediately accessible streams. The 282 TPD of non-contracted streams (commercial, organic, garden, biosolids, C&D, industrial) exceed the 400 TPD Phase Initial requirement when inclusive of streams currently available under short-term arrangements. No CORESPA kerbside MSW contract renegotiation is required for Phase Initial to proceed. Feedstock sufficiency at Phase Initial is confirmed by access analysis — not contingent on competitive procurement or contract termination.

P1
Polígono Industrial Las Quemadas — Dos Hermanas Corridor
~45 acres · Industrial USE-I · Ayuntamiento de Dos Hermanas
Co-location: Adjacent to CTR Ecoparque de Sevilla — direct shared logistics with existing waste treatment infrastructure. Existing N-IV road access.
~12 km from city collection zones · Established utilities
doshermanas.es ↗
P2
ZAL — Zona de Actividades Logísticas, Puerto de Sevilla
~60 acres · Logistics/Industrial · Autoridad Portuaria de Sevilla
Co-location: Multimodal access — river (Guadalquivir), road, rail. ~8 km from city centre, direct waterborne logistics option for Phase Expanded outputs.
Port zone designation · Industrial classification confirmed
puertodesevilla.com ↗
P3
Polígono Industrial Carija — Carmona Road (SE-30)
~35 acres · Industrial USE-I · Private/Ayuntamiento
Co-location: Eastern industrial corridor access — proximity to commercial and industrial waste generators in Nervión/Triana districts. SE-30 ring road access.
~6 km from city centre · Utility connections available
sevilla.org ↗
FEEDSTOCK REFERENCE PINS
◎ City collection zone centre (~37.39N, ~5.98W)
◎ EDAR Copero — primary WWTP (~37.30N, ~6.05W)
◎ CTR Ecoparque Dos Hermanas (~37.28N, ~5.94W)

§3 — Economic Structure — Beneficiation Fee

§3.1 — Beneficiation Fee Formula and Basis

Beneficiation Fee Standard Formula (B2G): MAX($100, MIN($150, FWDC − $5))
FWDC (Seville, ESTIMATED): ~$130/ton
Formula result: MAX($100, MIN($150, $125)) = $125/ton
User-specified Beneficiation Fee: $120/ton (below formula result — conservative planning basis)
Floor: $100/ton (Carbotura standard parameters) · Ceiling: $150/ton · Escalator: +2.5%/yr over 30-year CSA term

§3.2 — State A vs. State B Comparison (Year 1, Phase Initial)

Item State A — Current Disposal State B — ACM Year 1 State B — ACM Year 2+
Disposal cost paid (€/ton) €119 (~$130)
Beneficiation Fee paid ($/ton) $0 −$120 −$120
Avoided disposal ($/ton) $0 +$130 +$130
Circular Royalty™ received ($/ton) $0 $0 (13-mo lag) +$144 Year 2

§4 — Fiscal Returns — 30-Year Projection

§4.0 — Circular Royalty™§4.0 — Canon Circular™ (Elección Estándar)

Standard CSA: City of Seville / MMAS pays a per-ton Beneficiation Fee at €100/ton base (EUR primary); Carbotura pays Circular Royalty™ at 120%, +1pp/yr, from Month 13. CNAE-2009 manufacturing classification (20.13, 20.59, 23.99, 24.10, 24.42, 24.45) — not waste treatment (CNAE 38.21/38.22/38.30). IPSAS / IFRS accounting. Separate transactions, never netted.

Elección estándar: Sevilla / MMAS paga Tarifa TMC a €100/ton base (EUR primario); Carbotura paga Canon Circular™ al 120%, +1pp/año, desde Mes 13. Clasificación CNAE-2009 manufactura (20.13, 20.59, 23.99, 24.10, 24.42, 24.45). IPSAS / IFRS. Transacciones separadas.

Gross cost displacement and Circular Royalty™ cash flow are quantified separately.

At steady state, the Circular Royalty™ is designed to exceed the Beneficiation Fee on a per-ton basis.

Circular Royalty™ payments begin 13 months after corresponding Beneficiation Fee payments and ramp to full run-rate on a rolling basis.

§4.1 — 30-Year Gross Fiscal Chart — Phase Initial (400 TPD · 146,000 tpy)

Three gross datasets shown independently. Reader derives their own arithmetic. Each item represents a separate cash flow event.

All values ESTIMATED — confirmed at Joint Working Group phase. Beneficiation Fee escalates 2.5%/yr; Royalty rate escalates 1pp/yr from 120% base; FWDC assumed to escalate at same rate as Beneficiation Fee. Phase Initial 400 TPD / 146,000 tpy basis.

§4.1 — Key Fiscal Milestones

Milestone Date Annual Value Note
Phase Initial CODQ2 2028Beneficiation Fee begins: −$17.5M/yrDisposal savings:
First Circular Royalty™Q3 2029+$21.0M/yr—
Year 10 steady-stateQ2 2038+$27.6M/yrRoyalty exceeds TMC: $144/ton → $192/ton
Year 30 terminal yearQ2 2058+$52.1M/yrRoyalty $367/ton vs. TMC $245/ton

§4.1 — Exogenesis™ Royalty add-on (Subject to Waste Characterization Study)§4.1 — Canon Exogenesis™ (Sujeto a Estudio de Caracterización de Residuos)

Structured Option — Not a CommitmentOpción Estructurada — No un Compromiso

Exogenesis™ becomes a CSA element only after Waste Characterization Study, qualifying asset confirmation, and mutual agreement. Vertedero Las Minas (MMAS) is the primary candidate subject to study. If elected: IPSAS 19 post-closure liability extinguishment is a material balance-sheet event independent of the royalty stream.

Exogenesis™ se convierte en elemento CSA solo tras Estudio de Caracterización y acuerdo mutuo. Vertedero Las Minas (MMAS) es el candidato primario sujeto a estudio. Si se elige: extinción de pasivos post-clausura IPSAS 19 es un evento patrimonial relevante.

YearAñoRate €/tonAnnual (~73,000 tpy indicative)Anual (~73,000 tpy indicativo)
1–5€0
6€50.00+€3,650,000
10€52.02+€3,797,460
30€63.49+€4,634,770
30-yr indicative (if elected)30 años indicativo (si elegida)~€103M

All values INDICATIVE. EUR primary. Subject to Waste Characterization Study. Stacks on the CSA — never netted (MR §4.8). IPSAS 19 liability extinguishment is independent of and additional to the Exogenesis™ Royalty cash flow.Todos los valores INDICATIVOS. EUR primario. Sujetos a Estudio. Acumulados sobre la CSA — nunca compensados. Extinción IPSAS 19 es independiente del flujo de canon.

§5 — Risk Register

Risk Key Driver Bears It Mitigation Residual
FWDC verification divergence Actual disposal cost below ESTIMATED $130/ton Carbotura (TMC Fee recalibration at Feasibility) Joint Working Group phase under NDA confirms actual FWDC; Beneficiation Fee adjusted to formula result LOW
Technology performance MCR throughput below nameplate Carbotura Performance guarantees in CSA; Carbotura bears full technology risk LOW
Timeline slippage Permitting delays — Spain industrial/manufacturing classification process Shared — Carbotura (construction), Ayuntamiento (planning support) Joint Working Group phase includes pre-permitting analysis; RPT classification baseline established early MEDIUM
CORESPA contract constraints Contract terms more restrictive than ESTIMATED; Phase Medium delay Ayuntamiento de Sevilla Phase Initial does not require kerbside RSU; Phase Medium timeline extended if needed MEDIUM
Classification misapplication (RPT trigger) Spanish or Andalusian authority applies solid waste classification to ACM facility Neither party — RPT allows clean withdrawal Manufacturing classification confirmed pre-CSA under Ley 7/2022 and EU Industrial Emissions framework LOW
PFAS / contaminated feedstock Regulated streams in biosolids or C&D fraction requiring special handling Carbotura MCR anoxic process designed for PFAS destruction at 1,200°C; feedstock characterisation at Feasibility LOW

§6 — Timeline

Carbotura standard deployment schedule. T0 = Q2 2026 (assumed engagement start). Hard external deadline: Spain EU Directive 2018/850 — less than 10% MSW to landfill by 31 December 2035. Procurement decision window: authorise Joint Working Group phase no later than Q3 2033 to meet the 2035 deadline; recommended: Q3 2026 to maximise Circular Royalty™ cash flows.

Milestone Schedule Date (T0 = Q2 2026) Action
Engagement start (T0)T0Q2 2026MOU / NDA execution · Operator verification complete
Joint Working Group phase completeT0+3moQ3 2026FWDC confirmed · Volumes confirmed · Site confirmed · CSA term sheet
CSA executionT0+5moQ4 202630-year agreement signed · Proven Feedstock Reserve established
Phase Initial construction startT0+6moQ4 2026Carbotura capital deployed · Zero City capital required
Phase Initial CODT0+24moQ2 2028Beneficiation Fee payments begin · Disposal spending replaced
First Circular Royalty™ paymentT0+37moQ3 2029
Phase Medium full operationsT0+42moQ4 20301,000 TPD — full city addressable volume absorbed
Phase Expanded — first trancheT0+60moQ2 2031Provincial expansion commences — 2,000 TPD multi-tranche buildout
EU HARD DEADLINE — Spain landfill phase-out31 Dec 2035Phase Initial COD Q2 2028 delivers 7 years of lead time. Procurement decision deadline: Q3 2033 at latest.

§7 — Community Value Stack

§7.1 — Municipal Fiscal Effects (Treasury)

Fiscal Item Year 1 Year 2 Year 10 Year 30
Avoided Disposal Cost (gross) +$19.0M +$19.5M +$23.7M +$38.8M
Beneficiation Fee Paid (gross) −$17.5M −$18.0M −$21.9M −$35.9M
Circular Royalty™ Received (gross) $0 +$21.0M +$27.6M +$52.1M

All values gross — each item is a separate cash flow. ESTIMATED — Phase Initial 400 TPD. Confirmed at Joint Working Group phase.

§7.2 — Regional Economic Effects

Direct Employment

92 FTE at Phase Initial (400 TPD). Skilled manufacturing positions — operators, maintenance, process engineers, logistics.

Indirect & Induced Jobs

275 jobs in supply chain, professional services, and regional economic activity. Total employment: ~367 positions Phase Initial.

Annual Economic Impact

~$32M/yr at Phase Initial scale. Grows proportionally with Phase Medium and Expanded deployment.

Carbon Impact

~160,000 tCO₂e/yr diverted from landfill methane and conventional processing. Water recovery: ~480,000 m³/yr Phase Initial.

§8 — Why This Works in Seville

# Alignment Factor Evidence
1 Volume alignment ~487 TPD city / ~2,100 TPD province. Phase Initial 400 TPD is fully covered by non-contracted streams alone (282 TPD + additional industrial). No volume gap at any deployment phase.
2 Infrastructure alignment P1 site (Dos Hermanas) is adjacent to the existing CTR Ecoparque — feedstock flows already converge at this zone. The route from city collection to treatment is established, reducing pre-construction logistics risk to near-zero.
3 Contract timing alignment EU 2035 landfill phase-out hard deadline creates a structural procurement window. Phase Initial COD Q2 2028 delivers 7 years of compliance lead time. The decision deadline is no later than Q3 2033 — sufficient timeline but not unlimited.
4 Policy alignment — manufacturing classification Spain's Ley 7/2022 and the EU Industrial Emissions Directive create a regulatory framework supportive of advanced manufacturing processes. The RPT classification (NAICS 325180/325998/327992/331110/331314/331492 — manufacturing) is confirmed at Joint Working Group phase under Spanish industrial permitting framework. See §1.0.
5 Regulatory driver — landfill phase-out pressure Spain's current ~55% landfill rate (Eurostat) is structurally incompatible with the 2035 target. Seville, with no domestic WTE capacity, has no alternative disposal pathway. The ACM deployment is not contingent on political will alone — it is required by EU law.
6 Economics specificity — Seville data Beneficiation Fee of $120/ton is derived from Seville's estimated FWDC of ~$130/ton (Andalusia regional gate fee, cánon, transport, sorting). The gross savings of $10/ton Year 1 and $154/ton Year 2+ are specific to this community's cost structure — not a generic model.

Executive Implications

  • The 2035 EU deadline is not optional. Spain must achieve less than 10% landfill disposal by 31 December 2035. For Seville, with no WTE alternative, the ACM deployment is the only confirmed pathway to structural compliance at the required scale. The decision window is real — not a sales construct.
  • Zero public capital is the structural differentiator. The Ayuntamiento carries no construction cost, no technology risk, and no operating liability. The transition from State A to State B is accomplished entirely at Carbotura's capital cost — with the City's first Year 2 royalty receipt exceeding €19M annually.
  • The Circular Royalty™ compounds over 30 years. The royalty rate escalates 1 percentage point per year on top of the annual Beneficiation Fee escalation. By Year 10, the royalty per ton (~$192) exceeds the Beneficiation Fee per ton (~$150) by 28%. By Year 30, the royalty per ton (~$367) exceeds the Beneficiation Fee per ton (~$245) by 50%. This is structurally designed — not incidental.
  • The next step is the Joint Working Group phase. A single authorisation unlocks the full data set: confirmed FWDC, confirmed volumes, confirmed site, and confirmed CSA term sheet. The Joint Working Group phase produces the inputs needed for a Council decision — no further exploratory steps are required. Timeline: Q3 2026 start, Q4 2026 CSA execution.

Appendix A — Data Basis

Figure Value Public Source Type
Beneficiation Fee$120/tonUser-specified · Carbotura engagement parametersCONF
FWDC (planning basis)~$130/tonAndalusia regional benchmarks · Carbotura standard parametersEST
Feedstock — Phase Initial400 TPD / 146,000 tpyUser-specified · INE 2024 basisCONF
Employment — Phase Initial92 direct / 275 indirectCarbotura standard parameters scaled to 400 TPDEST
Spain landfill rate~55% of MSWEurostat env_wasmun 2023VER
EU 2035 target<10% landfillEU Directive 2018/850 Art. 5VER

Appendix B — Glossary

Term Definition
Beneficiation FeeTotal Materials Conversion Fee. The per-ton fee paid by the counterparty to Carbotura for accepting and converting feedstock. Replaces disposal spending. $120/ton for Seville, escalating 2.5%/yr.
Circular Royalty™Per-ton cash payment from Carbotura to the counterparty. Formula: Royalty(m+13) = TMC(m) × Royalty_Rate(m). Base 120%, escalating 1pp/yr. Designed to exceed Beneficiation Fee at steady state.
CSACircular Supply Agreement. 30-year bilateral agreement governing feedstock delivery, Beneficiation Fee payment, and Circular Royalty™ receipt.
FWDCFull Weighted Disposal Cost. All-in per-ton disposal cost: gate fees + regional taxes + transport + sorting. State A baseline. Seville: ~$130/ton ESTIMATED.
BOOBuild-Own-Operate. Carbotura builds, owns, and operates the facility at its own capital cost. No asset transfer. Zero public capital required.
RPTRegulatory Predicate Transition (RPT). Carbotura will not execute agreements if the ACM facility is classified under solid waste NAICS codes (562213/562219). Manufacturing classification (325180/325998/327992/331110/331314/331492) required.
Gross Cost DisplacementThe difference between FWDC and Beneficiation Fee on a per-ton or annual basis. Quantified separately from Circular Royalty™. Year 1: +$10/ton. Gross cost displacement and Circular Royalty™ cash flow are quantified separately.
Pre-Royalty PeriodThe 13-month period between Phase Initial COD and the first Circular Royalty™ payment. Beneficiation Fee is paid during this period; Circular Royalty™ has not yet commenced. +$10/ton (gross cost displacement only).
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